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Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. These processes convert the organic matter within the rock (kerogen) into synthetic oil and gas. The resulting oil can be used immediately as a fuel or upgraded to meet refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen. The refined products can be used for the same purposes as those derived from crude oil. Shale oil is different from oil shale. Shale oil is just oil that is extracted from fissures in the shale. It is not kerogen and does not need to be heated to create oil. The term "shale oil" is also used for crude oil produced from shales of other very low permeability formations. However, to reduce the risk of confusion of shale oil produced from oil shale with crude oil in oil-bearing shales, the International Energy Agency recommends to use the term "light tight oil" and World Energy Resources 2013 report by the World Energy Council uses the term "tight oil" for the latter. ==History== (詳細はmineral oil used by humans.〔 〕 Its earliest recorded use was in Switzerland and Austria in the early 14th century.〔 〕 In 1596, the personal physician of Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg wrote of its healing properties.〔 Shale oil was used to light the streets of Modena, Italy at the turn of the 17th century.〔 〕 The British Crown granted a patent in 1694 to three persons who had "found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tarr and oyle out of a sort of stone."〔〔 〕〔 〕 Later sold as Betton's British Oil, the distilled product was said to have been "tried by divers persons in Aches and Pains with much benefit."〔 〕 Modern shale oil extraction industries were established in France during the 1830s and in Scotland during the 1840s.〔 〕 The oil was used as fuel, as a lubricant and lamp oil; the Industrial Revolution had created additional demand for lighting. It served as a substitute for the increasingly scarce and expensive whale oil.〔〔 〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=Oil Shale ) 〕 During the late 19th century, shale-oil extraction plants were built in Australia, Brazil and the United States. China, Estonia, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland produced shale oil in the early 20th century. The discovery of crude oil in the Middle East during mid-century brought most of these industries to a halt, although Estonia and Northeast China maintained their extraction industries into the early 21st century.〔〔〔 In response to rising petroleum costs at the turn of the 21st century, extraction operations have commenced, been explored, or been renewed in the United States, China, Australia and Jordan.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shale oil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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